Kawasaki Disease, Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Antibody-Induced Mast Cell Activation Hypothesis
Darrell O. Ricke1*, Nicole Gherlone2, Philip Fremont-Smith1, Philip Tisdall3, Maurice Fremont-Smith2
1MIT Lincoln Laboratory, USA
2Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine – Quinnipiac University, USA
3Medical School Companion LLC, USA
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is appearing in infants, children, and young adults in association with COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) infections of SARS-CoV-2. Kawasaki Disease (KD) is one of the most common vasculitides of childhood. KD presents with similar symptoms to MIS-C especially in severe forms such as Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome (KDSS). The observed symptoms for MIS-C and KD are consistent with Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS) characterized by inflammatory molecules released from activated mast cells. Based on the associations of KD with multiple viral and bacterial pathogens, we put forward the hypothesis that KD and MIS-C result from antibody activation of mast cells by Fc receptor-bound pathogen antibodies causing a hyperinflammatory response upon second pathogen exposure. Within this hypothesis, MIS-C may be atypical KD or a KD-like disease associated with SARS-CoV-2. We extend the mast cell hypothesis that increased histamine levels are inducing contraction of effector cells with impeded blood flow through cardiac capillaries. In some patients, pressure from impeded blood flow, within cardiac capillaries, may result in increased coronary artery blood pressure leading to aneurysms, a well-known complication in KD.
DOI: 10.29245/2578-2940/2020/2.1157 View / Download Pdf Monitoring Viscoelastic Blood Properties during Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: The Challenge of Data Driven Hemostasis
Zhe Amy Fang1, Meena Nathan2, Sirisha Emani2, Sitaram Emani2, Juan C. Ibla3*
1Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
2Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
3Division of Cardiac Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Thromboelastography, a point of care graphical representation of the activation of coagulation and fibrin polymerization process, assists clinicians in making diagnostic and transfusion-related decisions in the perioperative setting. There is growing interest in applying this technology to pediatric cardiac surgery and this article reviews the currently available evidence for the use of thromboelastography (TEG) and thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in this population. A few studies exist on the use of TEG/ROTEM to accurately guide transfusion and positively impacting patient outcomes, indicating a need for additional studies to validate its utility during pediatric cardiac surgery.
DOI: 10.29245/2578-2940/2020/2.1158 View / Download Pdf